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an ocean voyage

  • 1 Ocean voyage

    رحلة عبر المحيط

    English-Arabic economic glossary > Ocean voyage

  • 2 (an) ocean voyage

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > (an) ocean voyage

  • 3 ♦ ocean

    ♦ ocean /ˈəʊʃn/ (geogr.)
    A n.
    1 [uc] oceano ( anche fig.); (una) gran distesa: the Atlantic Ocean, l'Oceano Atlantico; an ocean of grass, un oceano d'erba
    2 (pl.) (fam., antiq.) grande quantità; mare (fig.): oceans of flowers, un mare di fiori
    B a. attr.
    oceanico: (geogr.) ocean floor, fondo oceanico; (naut.) ocean lane, rotta oceanica; an ocean voyage, un viaggio oceanico
    ● an ocean-going ship, una nave d'altura □ ocean highways, rotte oceaniche principali □ ocean liner, nave di linea transoceanica; transatlantico □ ocean tramp, nave da carico; nave rinfusiera; carretta (fam.).

    English-Italian dictionary > ♦ ocean

  • 4 voyage

    ˈvɔɪɪdʒ
    1. сущ.
    1) плавание, морское путешествие to go on a voyage ≈ поехать/отправиться в путешествие long voyage ≈ длительное путешествие maiden voyage ≈ первое плавание, первый рейс (нового корабля) ocean voyage ≈ океанское плавание round-the-world voyage ≈ кругосветное путешествие sea voyage ≈ плавание по морю, морское путешествие a voyage to the islands ≈ плавание на острова
    2) полет, перелет( на самолете) Syn: journey
    2. гл.
    1) плавать, путешествовать( по морю)
    2) летать( на самолете) путешествие (морское или воздушное) ;
    плавание, морской переход;
    полет, перелет;
    рейс (судна, самолета) - homeward * обратный рейс - outward * рейс за границу - balloon * (метеорология) полет шара-пилота /шара-зонда/ - * policy (страхование) рейсовый полис - * charter( страхование) рейсовый чартер, страхование судна на рейс странствования;
    жизненный путь книга или рассказ о путевых впечатлениях путешествовать (по морю, самолетом) ;
    плавать, быть в плавании;
    находиться в полете, совершать полет или перелет - to * across the Atlantic пересечь Атлантический океан блуждать, бродить( о мыслях и т. п.) ~ плавание, морское путешествие;
    to make a voyage совершить путешествие (по морю) return ~ обратный рейс round ~ круговой рейс round ~ рейс туда и обратно towage ~ буксировка voyage летать (на самолете) ~ перелет ~ плавание, морское путешествие;
    to make a voyage совершить путешествие (по морю) ~ плавание, морское путешествие ~ плавание ~ плавать, путешествовать (по морю) ~ полет, перелет (на самолете) ~ полет ~ полет, перелет (на самолете) ~ путешествие ~ рейс

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > voyage

  • 5 voyage

    ['vɔɪɪʤ] 1. сущ.
    1)
    а) плавание, морское путешествие

    maiden voyage — первое плавание, первый рейс ( нового корабля)

    sea voyage — плавание по морю, морское путешествие

    to go on a voyage — поехать / отправиться в путешествие

    б) судно, годное для путешествия
    2) полёт, перелёт ( на самолёте)
    Syn:
    2. гл.
    1) плавать, путешествовать ( по морю)
    3) плыть (по воздуху, по воде - о предметах)

    Grand clouds still voyaged in the sky. — Большие облака всё ещё плыли по небу.

    4) переправляться, пересекать; переплывать

    Англо-русский современный словарь > voyage

  • 6 voyage

    ['vɔɪɪdʒ]
    n
    путешествие (морское или воздушное), плавание, морской переход, полёт, перелёт, рейс (судна, самолёта)
    - long voyage
    - maiden voyage
    - ocean voyage
    - round-the-world voyage
    - sea voyage
    - voyage to the islands
    - go on a voyage
    CHOICE OF WORDS:

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > voyage

  • 7 ocean

    ocean [ˈəʊ∫ən]
    * * *
    ['əʊʃn] 1.
    noun lit océan m
    2.
    oceans (colloq) plural noun

    oceans of — plein de (colloq) [food, space, time, work etc]

    3.
    noun modifier [ voyage, wave] océanique

    ocean bed — fond m de l'océan

    English-French dictionary > ocean

  • 8 ocean

    A n lit océan m.
    B oceans ○ npl oceans of plein de ○ [food, space, time, work etc].
    C modif [voyage, wave] océanique ; ocean bed fond m de l'océan.

    Big English-French dictionary > ocean

  • 9 voyage

    1. noun
    Reise, die; (sea voyage) Seereise, die

    outward/homeward voyage, voyage out/home — Hin-/Rückreise, die

    he was on a voyage of discovery — (lit. or fig.) er war auf einer Entdeckungsreise

    2. intransitive verb
    (literary) reisen
    * * *
    ['voii‹] 1. noun
    (a usually long journey, especially by sea: The voyage to America used to take many weeks.) die (See-)Reise
    2. verb
    (to make such a journey: They voyaged for many months.) (zu See) reisen
    - academic.ru/80723/voyager">voyager
    * * *
    voy·age
    [ˈvɔɪɪʤ]
    I. n Reise f; (by sea) Seereise f
    \voyage of discovery ( also fig) Entdeckungsreise f
    II. vi ( liter or dated) reisen
    he \voyaged across the seven seas er hat die sieben Meere befahren
    to \voyage to distant lands ferne Länder bereisen
    * * *
    ['vɔIɪdZ]
    1. n
    1) Reise f, Fahrt f; (esp by sea) Seereise f; (AVIAT) Flug m, Reise f; (SPACE) Flug m

    the voyage out — die Hinreise; (Aviat) der Hinflug

    the voyage back or home — die Rück- or Heimreise; (Aviat) der Rückflug

    2) (fig)
    2. vi
    eine Seereise machen; (spaceship) fliegen
    * * *
    voyage [ˈvɔııdʒ]
    A s
    1. (lange) (See)Reise:
    voyage home Rück-, Heimreise;
    voyage out Hinreise; → discovery 1
    2. Flug(reise) m(f)
    B v/i ( besonders zur See) reisen
    C v/t bereisen, die 7 Meere etc befahren
    * * *
    1. noun
    Reise, die; (sea voyage) Seereise, die

    outward/homeward voyage, voyage out/home — Hin-/Rückreise, die

    he was on a voyage of discovery — (lit. or fig.) er war auf einer Entdeckungsreise

    2. intransitive verb
    (literary) reisen
    * * *
    n.
    Reise -n f.
    Seereise -n f.

    English-german dictionary > voyage

  • 10 ocean

    ['əʊʃn] 1.
    nome oceano m.
    2.
    nome plurale oceans colloq.

    oceans of — un oceano o mare di [food, work]; un'eternità di [ time]

    3.
    modificatore [voyage, wave] oceanico

    ocean bed — fondo dell'oceano, fondale oceanico

    * * *
    ['əuʃən]
    1) (the salt water that covers most of the earth's surface.) oceano
    2) (one of its five main divisions: the Atlantic Ocean.) oceano
    * * *
    ['əʊʃn] 1.
    nome oceano m.
    2.
    nome plurale oceans colloq.

    oceans of — un oceano o mare di [food, work]; un'eternità di [ time]

    3.
    modificatore [voyage, wave] oceanico

    ocean bed — fondo dell'oceano, fondale oceanico

    English-Italian dictionary > ocean

  • 11 Seereise

    Seereise f LOGIS voyage, voy
    * * *
    f < Transp> voyage (voy)
    * * *
    Seereise
    sea journey, seagoing, ocean voyage, cruise

    Business german-english dictionary > Seereise

  • 12 Seerecht

    Seerecht n RECHT, LOGIS admiralty, maritime law
    * * *
    n < Recht> admiralty, maritime law
    * * *
    Seerecht
    marine (maritime, shipping) law, Admiralty Law (US);
    • Seerechtsabkommen maritime convention;
    • Pariser Seerechtsdeklaration Declaration of Paris;
    • Seerechtskonferenz Conference on the Law of the Sea;
    • Genfer Seerechtskonferenz Geneva Conferences on the Laws of the Sea;
    • Seereise sea journey, seagoing, ocean voyage, cruise;
    • Seereise mit Fracht cargo passage;
    • Seerisiko marine risk (peril), dangers (risks and perils) of the sea;
    • Seeroute sea route (road, US), ocean lane;
    • Seerückbehaltungsrecht maritime lien (hypothecation, US).

    Business german-english dictionary > Seerecht

  • 13 dalekomors|ki

    adj. [rybołóstwo, połowy] deep-sea attr.; [statek] ocean-going
    - podróż dalekomorska an ocean voyage

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > dalekomors|ki

  • 14 Seeblockade

    Seeblockade
    naval (long-distance) blockade;
    • Seefahrer seafarer, navigator, sailor, mariner;
    • Seefahrt navigation, seafaring, (Seereise) ocean voyage.

    Business german-english dictionary > Seeblockade

  • 15 Seefahrt

    Seefahrt
    navigation, seafaring, (Seereise) ocean voyage.

    Business german-english dictionary > Seefahrt

  • 16 oceanic

    ocean·ic [ˌəʊʃiʼænik, Am ˌoʊʃiʼ-] adj
    Meeres-;
    \oceanic voyage Seereise f

    English-German students dictionary > oceanic

  • 17 океанский танкер

    Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > океанский танкер

  • 18 long

    long, longue [lɔ̃, lɔ̃g]
    1. adjective
    long ; [amitié] long-standing
    • cinq heures, c'est long five hours is a long time
    2. adverb
    • en dire long [attitude] to speak volumes ; [images, regard] to be eloquent
    3. masculine noun
    • je lui ai expliqué en long, en large et en travers (inf) I explained it to him over and over again
    4. feminine noun
    • à la longue, ça a fini par coûter cher in the long run it turned out very expensive
    • à la longue, il va s'user it will wear out eventually
    * * *

    1.
    longue lɔ̃, lɔ̃g adjectif
    1) ( dans l'espace) [tige, cils, patte, lettre, robe, table, distance] long

    une chemise à manches longues — a shirt with long sleeves, a long-sleeved shirt

    un tuyau long de trois mètres — a pipe three metres [BrE] long, a three-metre [BrE] long pipe

    au long cours — Nautisme [voyage, navigation] ocean; [capitaine] fully-licensed

    2) ( dans le temps) [moment, vie, voyage, exil, film, silence] long; [amitié] long-standing

    être long (à faire) — [personne] to be slow (to do)

    je ne serai pas long — ( pour aller quelque part) I won't be long; ( pour un discours) I will be brief

    être long à la détente — (colloq) to be slow on the uptake (colloq)

    pendant de longues heures/années — for hours/years


    2.
    1) ( beaucoup)

    en dire long/trop long/plus long — to say a lot/too much/more (sur quelque chose/quelqu'un about something/somebody)

    2)

    3.
    nom masculin ( longueur)

    un câble de six mètres de long — a cable six metres [BrE] long, a six-metre [BrE] long cable

    en long — [découper, fendre] lengthwise

    en long et en large — [raconter] in great detail

    en long, en large et en travers — (colloq) [raconter] at great length

    le long du mur — ( en longueur) along the wall; ( en hauteur) up ou down the wall

    tout le long de quelque chose — ( dans l'espace) all along something; ( dans le temps) all the way through something


    4.
    à la longue locution adverbiale in the end, eventually
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    lɔ̃, lɔ̃ɡ (longue)
    1. adj
    1) (cheveux, distance) long

    aux cheveux longs — with long hair, long-haired

    2) (moment, trajet) long

    C'est encore long jusqu'à Noël. — It's still a long time till Christmas.

    Ce sera long? — Will it take long?, Will it take a long time?

    un contrat de longue durée; un contrat longue durée — a long-term contract

    de longue haleine (projet, combat) — long-term

    au long cours NAVIGATION — ocean modif ocean-going

    de longue date (amis) — long-standing, [se connaître, être prévu] for a long time

    2. adv
    3. nm
    1) (= longueur)

    de 3 m de long — 3m long, 3m in length

    en long — lengthwise, lengthways

    Il s'est étalé de tout son long. — He fell flat on his face.

    au long de [rues, plage] — along, [annnés, périodes] during

    Il y a des chemins de randonnée tout le long de la côte. — There are footpaths all along the coast.

    tout au long de [année, vie] — throughout

    de long en large [marcher] — to and fro, up and down

    4. nf

    Elle a fini par agacer tout le monde à la longue. — In the end she got on everybody's nerves.

    * * *
    A adj
    1 ( dans l'espace) [tige, cils, patte, lettre, robe, table, distance] long; une chemise à manches longues a shirt with long sleeves, a long-sleeved shirt; des femmes en robe longue women in long dresses; être long de six mètres to be six metresGB long; un tuyau long de trois mètres a pipe three metresGB long, a three-metreGB long pipe; plus/trop long de deux mètres two metresGB longer/too long; au long cours Naut [voyage, navigation] ocean; [capitaine] fully-licensed;
    2 ( dans le temps) [moment, vie, voyage, exil, film, silence] long; [amitié] long-standing; pendant les longues soirées d'hiver during the long winter evenings; ta longue habitude des enfants your great experience of children; une traversée/entrevue longue de 40 minutes a 40 minute crossing/interview; être long à faire [personne] to be slow to do; [chose] to take a long time to do; il est toujours long à se décider he's always slow to make up his mind; qu'est-ce que tu es long! you're so slow!; aliment long à cuire food that takes a long time to cook; être en longue maladie to be on extended sick leave; je ne serai pas long ( pour aller quelque part) I won't be long; ( pour un discours) I will be brief; il guérira, mais ce sera long he will get better, but it's going to be a long time; huit mois, c'est long eight months is a long time; être long à la détente○ to be slow on the uptake○; il trouve le temps long time hangs heavy on his hands; pendant de longues heures/années for hours/years;
    3 Ling (syllabe, voyelle) long.
    B adv
    1 ( beaucoup) en dire long/trop long/plus long to say a lot/too much/more (sur qch/qn about sth/sb); j'aimerais en savoir plus long sur elle I'd like to know more about her; je pourrais t'en dire long sur lui I could tell you a thing or two about him;
    2 Mode s'habiller long to wear longer skirts.
    C nm
    1 ( longueur) 10 mètres de long 10 metresGB long; un câble de six mètres de long a cable six metresGB long, a six-metreGB long cable; mesurer or avoir or faire deux mètres de long to be two metresGB long; en long [découper, fendre] lengthwise; de long en large [marcher] up and down; arpenter une pièce de long en large to pace up and down a room; en long et en large [raconter] in great detail; en long, en large et en travers [raconter] at great length; le long du mur ( en longueur) along the wall; ( en hauteur) up ou down the wall; tout le long de qch ( dans l'espace) all along sth; ( dans le temps) all the way through sth; j'ai couru tout le long du chemin, j'ai couru tout du long I ran all the way; elle a pleuré tout le long du film she cried (all the way) through the film; tomber de tout son long to fall flat (on one's face);
    2 Mode le long long clothes (pl), lower hemlines (pl); la mode est au long hemlines are down (this season); s'habiller en long to wear a full-length dress.
    D longue nf
    1 Ling ( syllabe) long syllable; ( voyelle) long vowel;
    2 Jeux ( aux cartes) long suit (à in);
    3 Sport game of boules played in the south of France.
    E à la longue loc adv in the end, eventually; à la longue on s'habitue in the end you get used to it.
    long métrage Cin feature-length film.
    ( féminin longue) [lɔ̃, devant nom masculin commençant par une voyelle ou 'h' muet lɔ̃g, lɔ̃g ] adjectif
    A.[DANS L'ESPACE]
    1. [grand] long
    une fille aux longues jambes a long-legged girl, a girl with long legs
    2. BOTANIQUE [feuille] elongated
    [tige] long
    3. [vêtement] long
    B.[DANS LE TEMPS]
    1. [qui dure longtemps] long
    je suis fatigué, la journée a été longue I'm tired, it's been a long day
    ne sois pas trop longue ou personne ne t'écoutera jusqu'à la fin don't take too long ou don't speak for too long or nobody will listen to you all the way through
    2. [qui tarde - personne]
    il est long à venir, ce café! that coffee's a long time coming!
    3. [qui existe depuis longtemps] long, long-standing
    sa longue expérience de journaliste his many years spent ou his long experience as a journalist
    4. [dans le futur]
    à longue échéance, à long terme [prévision] long, long-term
    5. LINGUISTIQUE & LITTÉRATURE long
    long adverbe
    1. [vêtement]
    2. [beaucoup]
    en dire long: geste/regard qui en dit long eloquent gesture/look
    en connaître ou en savoir long: demande-le-lui, il en sait long ask him, he knows all about it
    long nom masculin
    [vêtement]
    longue nom féminin
    2. LINGUISTIQUE & LITTÉRATURE long syllable
    ————————
    à la longue locution adverbiale
    [avec le temps] in the long term ou run, eventually
    à la longue, tout se sait everything comes out in the end
    ————————
    au long locution adverbiale
    ————————
    au long de locution prépositionnelle
    1. [dans l'espace] along
    2. [dans le temps] during
    ————————
    de long locution adverbiale
    faire une mine ou tête de dix pieds de long
    a. [par déconvenue] to pull a long face
    b. [par mauvaise humeur] to have ou to wear a long face
    de long en large locution adverbiale
    j'ai arpenté le hall de la gare de long en large I paced back and forth across ou I paced up and down the main hall of the station
    ————————
    de tout son long locution adverbiale
    ————————
    en long locution adverbiale
    en long, en large et en travers locution adverbiale
    → link=enen long, en large et en travers
    ————————
    le long de locution prépositionnelle
    1. [horizontalement] along
    2. [verticalement - vers le haut] up ; [ - vers le bas] down
    tout au long locution adverbiale
    [en détail] in detail
    tout au long de locution prépositionnelle
    1. [dans l'espace] all along
    2. [dans le temps] throughout, all through
    tout au long de l'année all year long, throughout the year
    ————————
    tout du long locution adverbiale
    1. [dans l'espace]
    ils ont descendu le fleuve tout du long they went all the way down the river, they descended the entire length of the river
    2. [dans le temps] all along
    ————————
    tout le long de locution prépositionnelle

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > long

  • 19 जल _jala

    जल a. [जल् अच् डस्य लो वा]
    1 Dull, cold, frigid = जड q. v.
    -2 Stupid, idiotic.
    -लम् 1 Water; तातस्य कूपो$- यमिति ब्रुवाणाः क्षारं जलं कापुरुषाः पिबन्ति । Pt.1.322.
    -2 A kind of fragrant medicinal plant or perfume (ह्रीवेर).
    -3 The embryo or uterus of a cow.
    -5 The constellation called पूर्वाषाढा.
    -Comp. -अञ्चलम् 1 a spring.
    -2 a natural water-course.
    -3 moss.
    -अञ्जलिः 1 a handful of water.
    -2 a libation of water presented to the manes of a deceased person; कुपुत्रमासाद्य कुतो जलाञ्जलिः Chāṇ 69; मानस्यापि जलाञ्जलिः सरभसं लोके न दत्तो यथा Amaru. 97 (where, जलाञ्जलिं दा means 'to leave or give up').
    -अटनः a heron.
    -अटनी a leech.
    -अणुकम्, -अण्डकम् the fry of fish.
    -अण्टकः a shark.
    -अत्ययः autumn (शरद्); पृष्ठतो$नुप्रयातानि मेघानिव जलात्यये Rām.2.45.22.
    -अधिदैवतः, -तम् an epithet of Varuṇa. (
    -तम्) the constellation called पूर्वाषाढा.
    -अधिपः an epithet of Varuṇa.
    -अम्बिका a well.
    -अर्कः the image of the sun reflected in water.
    -अर्णवः 1 the rainy season.
    -2 the ocean of sweet water.
    -अर्थिन् a. thirsty.
    -अवतारः a landing-place at a river-side.
    -अष्ठीला a large square pond.
    -असुका a leech.
    -आकरः a spring, fountain, well.
    -आकाङ्क्षः, -काङ्क्षः, -काङ्क्षिन् m. an elephant.
    -आखुः an otter.
    -आगमः rain; तपति प्रावृषि सुतरामभ्यर्ण- जलागमो दिवसः Ratn.3.1.
    -आढ्य a. watery, marshy.
    -आत्मिका a leech.
    -आधारः a pond, lake, reservoir of water.
    -आयुका a leech.
    -आर्द्र a. wet. (
    -र्द्रम्) wet garment or clothes. (
    -र्द्रा) a fan wetted with water.
    -आलोका a leech.
    -आवर्तः eddy, whirl-pool.
    1 resting or lying in water.
    -2 stupid, dull, apa- thetic.
    (-यः) 1 a pond, lake, reservoir.
    -2 a fish.
    -3 the ocean.
    -4 the fragrant root of a plant (उशीर).
    -आश्रयः 1 a pond.
    -2 water-house.
    -आह्वयम् a lotus.
    -इन्द्रः 1 an epithet of Varuṇa.
    -2 N. of Mahādeva.
    -3 the ocean; जलेन्द्रः पुंसि वरुणे जम्भले च महोदधौ Medinī.
    -इन्धनः the submarine fire.
    -इभः a water-elephant.
    -ईशः, -ईश्वरः 1 an epithet of Varuṇa; भीमोद्भवां प्रति नले च जलेश्वरे च N.
    -2 the ocean.
    -उच्छ्वासः 1 a channel made for carrying off excess of water, drain, (cf. परीवाह).
    -2 overflow of a river.
    -उदरम् dropsy.
    -उद्भव a. aquatic. (
    -वा) benzoin.
    -उरगा, -ओकस् m.,
    -ओकसः a leech.
    -कण्टकः a crocodile.
    -कपिः the Gangetic por- poise.
    -कपोतः a water-pigeon.
    -कर a. making or pouring forth water. (
    -रः) tax for water.
    -करङ्कः 1 a shell.
    -2 a cocoa-nut.
    -3 a cloud.
    -4 a wave.
    -5 a lotus.
    -कल्कः mud.
    -कल्मषः the poison produced at the churning of the ocean; तस्यापि दर्शयामास स्ववीर्यं जलकल्मषः Bhāg.8. 7.44.
    -काकः the diver-bird.
    -कान्तः the wind.
    -कान्तारः an epithet of Varuṇa.
    -किराटः a shark.
    -कुक्कुटः a water-fowl; जलकुक्कुटकोयष्टिदात्यूहकुलकूजितम् Bhāg.8.2.16. (
    -टी) the black-headed gull.
    -कुन्तलः, -कोशः moss.
    -कूपी 1 a spring, well.
    -2 a pond.
    -3 a whirlpool; जलकूपी कूपगर्ते पुष्करिण्यां च योषिति Medinī.
    -कूर्मः the porpoise.
    -कृत् a. Causing rain; दिवसकृतः प्रतिसूर्यो जलकृत् (मेघः) Bṛi. S.
    -केलिः, m. or f.,
    -क्रीडा playing in water, splashing one another with water.
    -केशः moss.
    -क्रिया presenting libations of water to the manes of the deceased.
    -गुल्मः 1 a turtle.
    -2 a quadrangular tank.
    -3 a whirlpool.
    -चर a. (also जलेचर) aquatic.
    (-रः) 1 an aquatic animal.
    -2 a fish.
    -3 any kind of water-fowl. ˚आजीवः, ˚जीवः a fisherman.
    -चत्वरम् a square tank.
    -चारिन् m.
    1 an aquatic animal.
    -2 a fish.
    -ज a. born or produced in water.
    (-जः) 1 an aquatic animal.
    -2 a fish; स्वयमेव हतः पित्रा जलजेनात्मजो यथा Rām.2.61.22.
    -3 sea-salt.
    -4 a collective name for several signs of the zodiac.
    -5 moss.
    -6 the moon.
    (-जः, जम्) 1 a shell.
    -2 the conch-shell; अधरोष्ठे निवेश्य दघ्मौ जलजं कुमारः R.7. 63,1.6; इत्यादिश्य हृषीकेशः प्रध्माय जलजोत्तमम् Bhāg.8.4. 26.
    -3 (-जः) The Kaustubha gem; जलजः कौस्तुभे मीने तत् क्लीबे शङ्खपद्मयोः । Nm.
    (जः) -4 A kind of horse born in water; वाजिनो जलजाः केचिद् वह्निजातास्तथापरे । शालिहोत्र of भोज, Appendix II,12. (
    -जम्) a lotus. ˚आजीवः a fisherman. ˚आसनः an epithet of Brahmā; वाचस्पतिरुवाचेदं प्राञ्जलिर्जलजासनम् Ku.2.3. ˚कुसुमम् the lotus. ˚द्रव्यम् a pearl, shell or any other thing produced from the sea.
    -जन्तुः 1 a fish,
    -2 any aquatic animal.
    -जन्तुका a leech.
    -जन्मन् a lotus.
    -जिह्वः a crocodile.
    -जीविन् m. a fisherman.
    -डिम्बः a bivalve shell.
    -तरङ्गः 1 a wave.
    -2 a metal cup filled with water producing harmonic notes like a musical glass.
    -ताडनम् (lit.) 'beating water'; (fig.) any useless occupation.
    -तापिकः, -तापिन्, -तालः The Hilsa fish; L. D. B.
    -त्रा an umbrella.
    -त्रासः hydrophobia.
    -दः 1 a cloud; जायन्ते विरला लोके जलदा इव सज्जनाः Pt.1.29.
    -2 camphor. ˚अशनः the Śāla tree.
    -आगमः the rainy season; सरस्तदा मानसं तु ववृधे जलदागमे Rām.7.12.26. ˚आभ a. black, dark. ˚कालः the rainy season. ˚क्षयः autumn.
    -दर्दुरः a kind of musical instrument.
    -देवः the constellation पूर्वाषाढा.
    -देवता a naiad, water-nymph.
    -द्रोणी a bucket.
    -द्वारम् A gutter, a drain, Māna.31.99.
    -धरः 1 a cloud.
    -2 the ocean.
    -धारा a stream of water.
    -धिः 1 the ocean.
    -2 a hundred billions.
    -3 the number 'four'. ˚गा a river. ˚जः the moon. ˚जा Lakṣmī, the goddess of wealth. ˚रशना the earth.
    -नकुलः an otter.
    -नरः a merman.
    -नाडी, -ली a water-course.
    -निधिः 1 the ocean.
    -2 the number 'four'.
    -निर्गमः 1 a drain, water-course.
    -2 a water-fall, descent of a spring &c. into a river below.
    -नीलिः moss.
    -पक्षिन् m. a water-fowl.
    -पटलम् a cloud.
    -पतिः 1 the ocean.
    -2 an epithet of Varuṇa.
    -पथः a sea voyage; R.17.81.
    -पद्धतिः f. a gutter, drain.
    -पात्रम् 'a water-pot', drinking-vessel.
    -पारावतः a water-pigeon.
    -पित्तम् fire.
    -पुष्पम् an aquatic flower.
    -पूरः 1 a flood of water.
    -2 a full stream of water.
    -पृष्ठजा moss.
    -प्रदानम् presenting libations of water to the manes of the deceased.
    -प्रपातः 1 a water-fall.
    -2 rainy season; शरत्प्रतीक्षः क्षमतामिमं भवाञ्जलप्रपातं रिपुनिग्रहे धृतः Rām.4.27.47.
    -प्रलयः destruction by water.
    -प्रान्तः the bank of a river.
    -प्रायम् a country abounding with water; जलप्रायमनूपं स्यात् Ak.
    -प्रियः 1 the Chātaka bird.
    -2 a fish. (
    -या) an epithet of Dākṣāyaṇī.
    -प्लवः an otter.
    -प्लावनम् a deluge, an inundation.
    -बन्धः, बन्धकः a dam, dike, rocks or stones impeding a current.
    -बन्धुः a fish.
    -बालकः, -वालकः the Vindhya mountain.
    -बालिका lightning.
    -बिडालः an otter.
    -बिम्बः, -म्बम् a bubble.
    -बिल्वः 1 a (quadrangular) pond, lake.
    -2 a tortoise.
    -3 a crab.
    -भीतिः f. hydro- phobia.
    -भू a. produced in water.
    -भूः m.
    1 a cloud.
    -2 a place for holding water.
    -3 a kind of camphor.
    -भूषणः wind.
    -भृत् m.
    1 a cloud.
    -2 a jar.
    -3 cam- phor.
    -मक्षिका a water-insect.
    -मण़्डूकम् a kind of musical instrument; (= जलदर्दुर).
    -मद्गुः a king-fisher.
    -मसिः 1 a cloud.
    -2 camphor.
    -मार्गः a drain, canal.
    -मार्जारः an otter.
    -मुच् m.
    1 a cloud; Me.69.
    -2 a kind of camphor.
    -मूर्तिः an epithet of Śiva.
    -मूर्तिका hail.
    -मोदम् a fragrant root (उशीर).
    -यन्त्रम् 1 a machine for raising water (Mar. रहाट).
    -2 a water- clock, clepsydra.
    -3 a fountain. ˚गृहम्, ˚निकेतनम्, ˚मन्दिरम् a house erected in the midst of water (a summer- house) or one supplied with artificial fountains; क्वचिद् विचित्रं जलयन्त्रमन्दिरम् Ṛs.1.2.
    -यात्रा a sea-voyage.
    -यानम् a ship.
    -रङ्कुः a kind of gallinule.
    -रण्डः, रुण्डः 1 a whirlpool.
    -2 a drop of water, drizzle, thin sprinkling.
    -3 a snake.
    -रसः sea-salt.
    -राशिः the ocean.
    -रुह्, -हम् a lotus.
    -रूपः a crocodile.
    -लता a wave, billow.
    -वरण्टः a watery pustule.
    -वाद्यम् a kind of musical instrument.
    -वायसः a diver-bird.
    -वासः residence in water. (
    -सम्) = उशीर q. v.
    -वाहः 1 a cloud; साद्रिजलधिजलवाहपथम् Ki.12.21.
    -2 a water- bearer.
    -3 a kind of camphor.
    -वाहकः, -नः a water- carrier.
    -वाहनी an aqueduct.
    -विषुवम् the autumnal equinox.
    -वृश्चिकः a prawn.
    -वैकृतम् any change in the waters of rivers indicating a bad omen.
    -व्यधः A kind of fish; L. D. B.
    -व्यालः 1 a water-snake.
    -2 a marine monster.
    -शयः, -शयनः, -शायिन् m. an epithet of Viṣṇu;
    -शय्या lying in water (a kind of religious rite); द्वादशं हि गतं वर्षं जलशय्यां समासतः Rām.7. 76.17.
    -शर्करा A hailstone; तीव्रैर्मरुद्गणैर्नुन्ना ववृषुर्जलशर्कराः Bhāg.1.25.9.
    -शुक्तिः f. a bivalve shell.
    -शुचि a. bathed, washed.
    -शूकम् moss.
    -शूकरः a crocodile.
    -शोषः drought.
    -समुद्रः the ocean of fresh water.
    -संपर्कः mixture or dilution with water.
    -सर्पिणी a leech.
    -सूचिः f.
    1 the Gangetic porpoise.
    -2 a kind of fish.
    -3 a crow.
    -4 a water-nut.
    -5 a leech.
    -स्थानम्, -स्थायः a pond, lake, reservoir; कदचित्तं जलस्थायं मत्स्य- बन्धाः समन्ततः Rām.12.137.5.
    -स्रावः A kind of eye- disease.
    -हम् a small water-house (rather summer- house) furnished with artificial fountains.
    -हस्तिन् m. a water-elephant.
    -हारिणी a drain.
    -हासः 1 foam.
    -2 cuttle-fish-bone considered as the foam of the sea.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > जल _jala

  • 20 Chronology

      15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.
      400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.
      202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.
      137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.
      410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.
      714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.
      1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.
      1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.
      1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.
      1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.
      1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).
      1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.
      1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.
      1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.
      1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.
      1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.
      1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.
      1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.
      1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.
      1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.
      1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.
      1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.
      1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.
      1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.
      1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.
      1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.
      1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.
      1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).
      1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.
      1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.
      1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.
      1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.
       King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.
       King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.
      1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.
      1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.
      1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.
       Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.
       Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.
       Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.
      1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.
      1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.
      1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.
      1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.
      1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.
      1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.
      1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.
      1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.
      1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.
      1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.
      1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.
      1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.
      1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.
      1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.
      1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.
      1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.
      1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.
      1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.
      1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.
      1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.
      1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.
      1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.
      1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.
      1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.
      1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.
       Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.
       King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.
      1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence of
       Brazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.
       Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.
       King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.
      1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.
      1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.
      1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.
      1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.
      1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.
      1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.
       January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.
       Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.
      1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.
      1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.
      1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.
      1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.
      1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.
       May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.
       March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.
       Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.
      1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.
      1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January
      1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.
      1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."
       28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.
       February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.
       April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.
      1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.
      1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."
      1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.
       6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.
       8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.
      1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.
      1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.
      1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
       January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.
      1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.
      1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.
      1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.
       March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.
       March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.
      1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July
      1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.
      1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).
      1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.
      1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.
       January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.
       January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.
       November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.
       October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.
       January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.
       May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.
       October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.
       January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).
       United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.
       January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.
       1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
       May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.
       June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.
       February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.
       January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.
       July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.
      2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Chronology

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